• current wiki systems
  • existing systems, their types, their shortcomings
• Multilingual CNL-based Semantic Wiki
• AceWiki-GF
  • AceWiki
  • Grammatical Framework
• multilingual ACE

• wiki
  • user-friendly collaborative environment for knowledge management
  • content typically unconstrained natural language (NL)
  • powered by software, e.g. MediaWiki
  • e.g. Wikipedia
• semantic wiki (= wiki + formal semantics)
  • provides: richer query language, consistency checking (via automatic reasoning)
  • content typically NL + typed links (i.e. RDF triples)
  • software: Semantic Mediawiki, ...
• CNL-based semantic wiki (= semantic wiki using CNL)
  • formal languages hidden (=> can use more expressive formal languages)
  • software: AceWiki
• multilingual wiki
  • authoring in multiple (natural) languages
  • current systems: only document-level interlinking

• multiple languages
  • natural: English, German, ACE, ...
  • formal: ACE, FOL, ...
  • languages for content, UI, meta information
• content
  • viewable/editable/queryable in multiple languages
  • automatically kept in sync
• CNL-based
  • backed by formal grammar(s)
  • formal languages are hidden
• semantic
  • consistency checking, question answering, ...
  • precise translation

• multilingual ACE wiki
  • authoring in multiple ACE-based CNLs
• tourist phrasebook
  • book structure (ToC, chapters, index)
  • multiple languages
  • grammar editing
• catalog of museum objects (paintings, painters)
  • each object on a separate wiki page
  • multiple languages
  • rich queries (e.g. "which Dutch painter painted which French painter?")
• logic/math puzzles
  • multiple user solutions
  • automatically checked

• AceWiki
  • collaborative environment
  • GUI (e.g. look-ahead editor)
  • storage
  • connection to ACE parser
  • connection to OWL reasoners
• Grammatical Framework (GF)
  • multilingual grammars
  • parser (translation, completion, ...)
  • grammar editor

• goal: user-friendly yet expressive semantic wiki system
• wiki features: collaborative editing, multiple interlinked articles
• background reasoning language: OWL
  • expressive fragment of first-order logic
  • decidable reasoning tasks: consistency checking, question answering, ...
  • complex syntax
• front-end language: ACE
  • subset of natural English
  • well-defined translation into first-order logic / OWL
  • end-user documentation: construction and interpretation rules
• developed by Tobias Kuhn
• see more: http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/acewiki/

Every country that does not border a sea is a landlocked-country.

SubClassOf(
   ObjectIntersectionOf(
      :country
      ObjectComplementOf(
         ObjectSomeValuesFrom(
            :border
            :sea
         )
      )
   )
   :landlocked-country
)

Which country is a landlocked-country?

ObjectIntersectionOf(
    :country
    :landlocked-country
)

• single natural language
  • ACE (OWL-compatible subset)
• single formal language
  • ACE (OWL-compatible subset)
• grammar not modifiable
  • ACE grammar or the ACE->OWL mapping
  • only content words (of predefined classes) can be added/removed
• ambiguous content is not supported

• functional programming language for grammar engineering
• parsing and generation (linearizing)
• focus on multilinguality
  • multiple concrete grammars
  • common single abstract grammar (language-neutral)
  • translate = parse string in concrete language A to abstract tree + linearize tree as a string in concrete language B
• special support for natural language features
  • long-distance dependencies
  • word form generation
  • Resource Grammar Library (RGL)
• use case: defining multilingual CNLs
• developed by Aarne Ranta et al at the University of Gothenburg

abstract Unitconv = {
  flags startcat = Unitconv ;
  cat Unit ; Unitconv ;
  fun
    unitconv : Unit -> Unit -> Unitconv ;
    land_mile, nautical_mile : Unit ;
}

concrete UnitconvEng of Unitconv = {
  lincat Unit, Unitconv = {s : Str} ;
  lin
    unitconv x y = {s = "how much is" ++ x.s ++ "in" ++ y.s ++ "?"} ;
    land_mile = {s = "mile"} ;
    nautical_mile = {s = "nautical mile" | "mile"} ;
}

concrete UnitconvWolfram of Unitconv = {
  lincat Unit, Unitconv = {s : Str} ;
  lin
    unitconv x y = {s = "convert" ++ x.s ++ "to" ++ y.s} ;
    land_mile = {s = "mile"} ;
    nautical_mile = {s = "nmi"} ;
}

Parsing i.e. converting a string how much is nautical mile in mile ? to tree(s)

Unitconv> parse -lang=Eng "how much is nautical mile in mile ?"

unitconv nautical_mile land_mile
unitconv nautical_mile nautical_mile

Linearization i.e. converting a tree unitconv nautical_mile land_mile to string(s)

Unitconv> linearize -treebank -list (unitconv nautical_mile land_mile)

UnitconvEng: how much is nautical mile in mile ?, , how much is mile in mile ?
UnitconvWolfram: convert nmi to mile

Translation i.e. parse + linearize

Unitconv> parse -lang=Eng "how much is nautical mile in mile ?" | l -lang=Wolfram

convert nmi to mile
convert nmi to nmi

• multilingual viewing and editing of wiki content
  • grammar-based editing (show next possible tokens)
• wiki entry is GF abstract tree set
  • viewed via linearization(s)
  • can represent ambiguity
• access to multiple online GF grammars
  • provided by GF Webservice
  • single grammar per wiki
• grammar integrated into the wiki
  • wiki-linking of grammar and content
  • grammar can be updated while building the wiki
• multilingual ACE grammar implemented in GF
  • other GF grammars can be used instead (no ACE-based reasoning in this case)

• goal: user-friendly language for formal knowledge engineering
• subset of natural English
• translatable into Discourse Representation Structures (DRS)
  • and further into standard first-order logic, OWL, various rule languages
  • enables automatic reasoning, e.g. consistency checking, question answering, ...
• verbalization of formal languages
  • DRS, OWL
• end-user documentation: construction and interpretation rules
• editing environments: AceWiki, ACE Editor, ACE View, ...

An ACE grammar in GF/RGL adds multiple natural languages as front-ends to ACE.

• implementation of the ACE syntax (i.e. no DRS generation)
  • extension of Angelov and Ranta (CNL 2009)
• available in 15 natural languages via the RGL
  • Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Latvian, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish
  • design allows for easy extendability
• status
  • focus on the subset of ACE that is used in AceWiki (almost 100% coverage at almost 0% ambiguity)
  • some precision problems, e.g. anaphoric references do not obey DRS accessibility constraints
  • ambiguity and coverage problems in some languages

p -lang=Ace "if a person admires no golfer then the person buys
    at least 2 aquariums that nothing but travelers inspect ." | l

si una persona no admira cap golfista llavors la persona compra
    almenys 2 aquarins que nomÈs viatgers inspeccionen .

als een persoon geen golfer bewondert , dan koopt de persoon
    ten minste 2 aquaria die slechts reizigers inspecteren .

jos henkilö ei ihaile mitään golfaajaa niin henkilö ostaa
    vähintään 2 akvaariota jonka vain matkustajat tarkastavat .

si une personne n' admire aucun golfeur alors la personne achète
    au moins 2 aquariums que seulement des voyageurs inspectent .

wenn eine Person keinen Golfer bewundert , dann kauft die Person
    wenigstens 2 Aquariume die nur Reisenden inspizieren .

si una persona non ammira nessuno giocatore di golf allora la persona compra
    almeno 2 acquari che soltanto viaggiatori ispezionano .

si una persona no admira hacia golfista entonces la persona compra
    al menos 2 acuarios que solamente viajeros inspeccionan .

om en person beundrar inget golfspelare så personen köper
    minst 2 akvariumar som bara resenärar avsynar .

• AceWiki-GF
  • GitHub repository: http://github.com/AceWiki (see the gfservice-branch)
  • demo wikis: http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/acewiki-gf/
• Multilingual ACE (ACE-in-GF)
  • http://github.com/Attempto/ACE-in-GF
• Attempto project
  • http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch
• Grammatical Framework
  • http://www.grammaticalframework.org/
• MOLTO project: Multilingual Online Translation
  • http://www.molto-project.eu